Non Participant Observation On Science, Social Studies,...

Data Collection The method that will be used to collect data will be non-participant observation. The non-participant observation is the most appropriate because I will be able to observe, without interrupting the class, how the participants conduct their mathematics, science, and social studies lessons. I will also observe whether or not they incorporate literacy into their lessons, and if so how it impacts them. Non-participant observation will show how these participants handle the emphasis on literacy in the curriculum, especially with the Common Core standards (Creswell, 2005). The non-participant observation will be implemented through these steps for specific reasons: †¢ There is a need for non-participant observation because it will result in producing data that reflects authentic events of the lessons and how it pertains to the research study of the effect that literacy has on science, social studies, and mathematics. †¢ There will be four observations conducted for each participant, a total of twenty observations. There is a need for four observations for each participant in order to receive an accurate data collection between the three participants to determine accurate and valid findings of this study. The observations will take place over a two month period, each participant will be observed twice a month. †¢ The observation will be conducted in each of the participants’’ classrooms. I will be observing their lessons from the back of the classroom while takingShow MoreRelatedHow The Strategies Implemented Within The Classroom1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this study is to examine how the strategies implemented within the classroom are set in place to increase young adult literature engagement towards African-American males in middle through high school classrooms living in an inner city sector of North Texas. Inspecting the progression through the spectacles of critical race theory (CRT), this study examines how to review cultural response to adjust teaching to responding to the cultural needs and learning styles of African AmericanRead MoreLiterature Study1088 Words   |  5 PagesTo investigate how influential PD providers shape social capital, we drew on data from a larger study of mathematics and science professional development in a major metropolitan region in the Western United States. The study intended to capture the range of professional development opportunities available to teachers within the region. The region in the study consisted of four counties, the metropolitan area itself and its three contiguous counties. We considered professional development providersRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 Pagesutilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and q uantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will also refer to my article of choice from week one and specify which research method is used in that particular study; and finally, I will determine whether that same research study is non-experimental or experimental. First off, how is qualitativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex On Mental Rotation Performance Accuracy And Speed Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesMental Rotation Performance Accuracy and Speed Imbedded in human history, gender stereotypes have been strong regulators of social roles. Although gender stereotyping has not been as overt in recent years, its impact in regards to spatial knowledge is still a critical matter. Recognized as one of the factors of intelligence, spatial knowledge is crucial in the fields of mathematics, engineering, and physics (Gardner, 1983; Neuburger, Jansen, Heil, Quaiser-Pohl, 2012; Titze, Jansen, Heil, 2011; WragaRead MoreTaking a Look at Some Teaching Models and Theories1413 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess which is being conducted by High Scope requires all candidates to go to many steps and they are: Completion of the Preschool Curriculum Course (PCC); Demonstrate high-quality program implementation; Demonstrate knowledge and use of the Child Observation Record (COR); Present Daily Plans; Provide a Professional Development Narrative and finally they must provide a current government license or certificate. Having a High Scope Certification pr oves that the students have received one of the best methodsRead MoreDirect Observation Vs Indirect Observation1834 Words   |  8 PagesDirect Observation vs Indirect Observation: Direct observation can be divided into two two ways: observing with intention or observing without intention. Indirect observation uses the examination of past behavior using archival records or physical traces. An indirect observation uses methods that are unobstrusive, or non invasive because the researcher does not meddle in the situation and due to the fact that many of the individuals are unaware of the observations. 2A. Participant observation vs structuredRead MoreMathematics Performance of Secondary School Student2667 Words   |  11 PagesEurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science Technology Education, 2007, 3(4), 363-370 Correlates of Academic Procrastination and Mathematics Achievement of University Undergraduate Students Mojeed Kolawole Akinsola University of Botswana, Gaborone, BOTSWANA Adedeji Tella Osun State College of Education; Ila-Orangun, NIGERIA Adeyinka Tella University of Botswana, Gaborone, BOTSWANA Received 3 November 2006; accepted 19 April 2007 Procrastination is now a common phenomenon among students particularlyRead MoreHistory of Phonetic Development1961 Words   |  8 PagesLECTURE 1 1. History of phonetic development 2. Subject of Phonetics 3. Branches of Phonetics 4. Connection of Phonetics with other sciences 5. Methods and devices of phonetic investigation 1. History of phonetic development The â€Å"birthplace† of phonetics is considered to be Ancient India. The idea of studying sounds was brought about by the need to understand Veda (1500 BC), i.e. sacred songs (brahmans) sang during religious ceremonies. The principal question for theRead MoreTeacher Motivation6898 Words   |  28 Pagesstudent achievement. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to identify how mathematics teachers perceived the effects of teacher motivation on student achievement on the states Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT), job satisfaction influence on teacher motivation, and FCAT accountability influence on teacher motivation. The motivational theories of Herzberg, Vroom, and McClelland served as the conceptual framework.Ten mathematics teachers were interviewed. All relevant statements were codedRead MoreA Research Proposal For Non Asian Minority Groups2133 Words   |  9 Pages54% of the nation’s population, an increase from the current 28%. Yet today they only mak e up only 9% of the nation’s STEM workforce (NSF, 2009). Non-Asian minority groups have been traditionally underrepresented in the STEM workforce. African-American students are more likely to be tracked into less rigorous courses, particularly in math and science (Oakes, 2005), taught by less experienced and sometimes less qualified teachers (Darling Hammond, 2004), and forced to attend schools that are de

The Cricket Match Essay - 1032 Words

â€Å"The Cricket Match† Samuel Selvon’s short story, â€Å"The Cricket Match† explores the subtle racial tensions amongst West Indian immigrants living in England whilst working with English counterparts. Selvon sets his narrative in a tyre factory in Chiswick, England. Most likely, the timeline in which this story occurs is somewhere in the mid 1950’s when England were still colonists of most of the English speaking Caribbean islands. The main idea behind Selvon’s tale lies with Algernon the protagonist, whose desire to fabricate his knowledge of cricket, so as to simultaneously impress but show disdain towards the Englishmen around him backfires because it is this self-proclaimed knowledge which places him into conflict. Selvon also†¦show more content†¦Selvon ingeniously crafts the resolution, though with slight absurdity, through a somewhat amusing and likable manner very similar to that of a picaresque novel. Algernon manages to compose an unenthusiastic team to pla y against the English team. Still, even more amusingly, the English players are equally afraid of Algernon’s team and vice-versa. The match commences with the West Indian eleven batting first, and displaying a commendable though fortuitous performance. Conversely, and perhaps conveniently though, rain begins to fall, hence bringing the match to an abrupt end. This resolution allows Algernon to save his ‘credibility’ and further taunt his English co-workers: ‘â€Å"If my bat didn’t fly out my hand†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ as if to say he would have lost the ball in the other county.’ and: â€Å"†¦ next cricket season I will get a sharp eleven together†¦ now if you want me to show you how I make that stroke†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This conclusion which Selvon employs gives Algernon a fairly roguish characteristic, and thus the picaresque similarity. Selvon’s plot structure is basically simple and straightforward. The narrator introduces the story and highlights the major flaw of the protagonist, which then manifests itself as a central part of the conflict. While the rising action begins to escalate, minor episodes relating to the conflict begin to surface, thereby enhancing the dramatic effect of the climax. The plot’s falling action isShow MoreRelatedA Cricket Match799 Words   |  4 PagesCricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that originated in England, possibly as early as 1300, and is now played in more than 100 countries.[citation needed] There are several forms of cricket, at its highest level is Test cricket, in which the current world leading team is Australia,[1] followed by One Day International cricket, whose last World Cup was also won by Australia; the tournament was televised in over 200 countries to a viewing audience estimated at more than two billion viewers.[2][3] Read MoreThe Day Of The Cricket Match785 Words   |  4 Pagesgames, both women were in their own world, gossiping mainly on household matters, price rise etc. After 30 min, Hemant asks, when we will watch the cricket match, I looked into my wife’s eyes, she knew what was expected of me, and rolled her eyes, indicating me to take Hemant to another room and give him a brief explanation. As we went into another room, my wife took, Hemant’s wife, in the kitchen, to discuss a new recipe, a kind of diversion we planned before they came. In the room I, disclosedRead MoreSpot Fixing in Cricket Match5139 Words   |  21 Pages------------------------------------------------- Topic: Spot fixing in cricket matches. 1. Introduction Spot fixing  in sports is the practice of fixing a specific segment within a match. It usually involves a player agreeing, prior to the game that he will perform in a particular way. In cricket this might involve a batsman agreeing to only get a certain number of runs, or a bowler bowling a consecutive number of wide balls in a particular  over, etc.  Spot fixing  stands in contrast to match fixing which refers to the practice ofRead MoreIndia Pakistan Cricket Match Of India1493 Words   |  6 Pagesyou feeling empty more than ever. You will be sharing the same feeling as the people of Pakistan, who have never seen their cricket team win against India since their first contest in 1992. The India–Pakistan cricket rivalry is one of the most intense sports rivalries in the world. Each encounter sees partisan feelings rise to a feverish pitch. An India-Pakistan cricket match has been estimated to attract up to one billion viewers, according to TV ratings firms and various other reports. The 2011Read MoreThe World Of Soccer And ( American ) Football1550 Words   |  7 Pagessoccer and (American) football, Cricket was once the game that everyone played. The game is played with 11 players on each side with certain number of substitutes over a fixed number of overs. An over means that the bowler had delivered 6 balls and is recognized as a mark/section in the game. Normally there are 2 umpires in a cricket match and another 1 as a replacement, who is also referred for second opinions. A player can get out, or referred as a wicket in cricket terminology, by many ways, butRead MoreHISTORY OF MATCH FIXING IN INDIA The start to the new millennium was not very auspicious for the900 Words   |  4 PagesHISTORY OF MATCH FIXING IN INDIA The start to the new millennium was not very auspicious for the Cricket world, as were engulfed in a series of match fixing scandals that has left the world socked and bewildered. The first trace of cheating in cricket was found in 1994-95, Shane Warne and Mark Waugh - two of the greatest names in the history of Australian cricket were guilty of supplying information about team selection, weather and pitch to an Indian bookmaker in 1994. They were let off easilyRead MoreEssay on How to Play Cricket954 Words   |  4 Pagesto Play Cricket Everybody knows that soccer is the most played game in the world but very few people know that the second most played game after soccer is cricket. Cricket had it origin in 700 A.D. Baseball was derived from cricket. The word cricket came from French word ‘criquit’. Most of people who don’t know about cricket think cricket is very complicated game but it is not true. Cricket is a very simple game if one knows these simple rules. If anyone wants to know how cricket is playedRead MoreWhat Role Did British Colonisation Play On Developing Indian Cricket?1534 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping Indian cricket? The Imperial Officers of the British East End Trading Company introduced cricket to India through colonisation in the 18th century. The British considered cricket to be more than just a sport. They regarded it as a ‘gentlemen’s game’ that embodied key values of English Victorian Society, such as, sportsmanship, strength, good temperament and polite conversation. The British, therefore, had ulterior motives for introducing cricket into India. That is, cricket became a symbolRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Cricket1559 Words   |  7 PagesI am writing about a sport named cricket. CRICKET: Cricket has second most number of viewers next to football. The history of cricket started in 16th century, originated in middle-east England, and it developed globally around 19th and 20th century. The first international cricket match was played between USA and CANADA in 1844. The match was played at the St George s Cricket Club in New York. Cricket is a game played on a vast field, known as a ground. each team should have 11 playersRead MoreCricket merits Demerits1414 Words   |  6 PagesCricket: Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC, the games governing body, has 10 full members. The game is most popular in Australasia, England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. Yes, cricket is the

Report for Project Management of Project Proposal Plan

Question: Discuss about the Report for Project Management of Project Proposal Plan. Answer: Introduction to the Project This project is based on the preparation of a project plan for a company that is planning to retreat to another country. As per the plan of the company to retreat to another country, the project will be conducted in order to execute everything according to plan. In this project, the following tasks will be performed. Choice of country for retreat To analyze the market in the chosen country To estimate total budget for the retreat To estimate the number and nature of stakeholders for the project Analysis of the government guidelines and rules in the chosen country Risk Analysis Risk Mitigation Steps Project Scope Statement Determination of the scopes of a project is necessary in order to execute the project in the right direction. An efficient project scope statement in the project management plan allows identification of the detailed scope of the undertaken project along with constraints required for the project. The in scope and out of scope parts of the project are as follows. In-Scope (6 items checklist) Expansion of the company over international boundaries Access to international market Access to native raw materials of the chosen country Technical enhancement of the organization infrastructure Employment opportunities Collaboration with other companies Out of Scope The following are out of scope of this project. Access to the share market of the chosen country Outsourcing Resource management Employee recruitment Project Priorities (Project Priority Matrix) Project/Selection Criteria Potential Monetary Gain Success Probability Social Opinion Weight: 8 7 6 Total Relocation (Retreat) Project 8 6 8 (8*8=) 64 (7*6=) 42 (6*8=) 48 (64+42+48=) 154 Market Analysis Project 5 6 4 (8*5=) 40 (7*6=) 42 (6*4=) 24 (40+42+24=) 106 Infrastructure Project 9 6 8 (8*9=) 72 (7*6=) 42 (6*8=) 48 (72+42+48=) 162 Investment project 10 7 10 (8*10=) 80 (7*7=) 49 (6*10=) 60 (80+49+60=) 189 In this project priority matrix, four main areas of the project have been selected i.e. relocation project, market analysis project, infrastructure project, investment project. Accordingly, three success criteria have been selected i.e. potential monetary gain, success probability and social opinion. Now, for this project, the weightage for each of them will be: Potential Monetary Gain 8 Success Probability 7 Social Opinion 6 The effect of each of the criteria on each of the parts of the project has been set according to the priorities in the project. Work Breakdown Structure Project Deliverables Task No Task Name 1 Company Retreat to Another Country Project 1.1 Project Initiation Phase 1.1.1 Understanding the Requirement 1.1.2 Conducting feasibility test 1.1.3 Choice of suitable country 1.1.4 Cost Estimation 1.2 Project Planning Phase 1.2.1 Develop project plan 1.2.2 Create project scheduling 1.2.3 Create resource allocation 1.2.4 Developing communication plan 1.2.5 Contact with the chosen country and selection of suitable land 1.3 Execution phase 1.3.1 Development of Abroad Branch 1.3.1.1 Develop the building architecture 1.3.1.2 Collect the sources 1.3.1.3 Develop the blueprint of the office 1.3.1.4 Develop the blueprint of hardware systems to be used 1.3.1.5 Develop the system design of Business Intelligence Portal 1.3.1.6 Design the User Interface of the systems used in the office 1.3.2 Implementation Phase 1.3.2.1 Resource implementation 1.3.2.2 Designing the business plan 1.3.2.3 Software implementation of the data warehouse system 1.3.2.4 Development of the market analysis system 1.3.2.5 Connecting the warehouse with the native systems of the organization 1.3.3 Deployment and Testing Phase 1.3.3.1 testing the local market 1.3.3.2 software testing 1.3.3.3 data validation testing 1.3.3.4 security testing 1.3.3.5 unit testing 1.3.3.6 Risk identification and mitigation 1.4 Closing Phase 1.4.1 creating a link to organization main office portal 1.4.2 training of the new employees 1.4.3 maintenance of the business data warehouse Work Breakdown Structure Work Breakdown Structure (Created by Author) Cost Estimation Cost Estimation Table Project Activity Estimated Cost Market and Country Survey $20,000 Purchase of Land and Licensing $100,000 Building Infrastructure $100,000 Hardware Implementation $50,000 Software Set Up $50,000 Set Up of Head Office Communication $10,000 Employee Training Program $20,000 Time Phased Budget Project Name Monthly Timeline Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Notes: Market and Country Analysis Project -$10,000 -$10,000 For retreating to a suitable location and market analysis of that location Investment Project $100,000 $100,000 $150,000 From sponsor and project management team Infrastructure Project -$50,000 -$150,000 -$150,000 Building office, hardware, software infrastructure Business Operations Project -$50,000 Start of business operations Testing Project -$5,000 -$2,500 Testing of market, hardware and software Start-up Project $200,000 Capital Employee Training Project -$10,000 Employee Training Employee Payment Project -$25,000 Payment to the employees Estimated profit for 1st month $50,000 Profit from the 1st month of the business Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Totals: -$10,000 -$10,000 $50,000 -$65,000 $172,500 Total balance of each month Cumulative Total: -$10,000 -$20,000 $30,000 -$35,000 $137,500 Available balance after each month Bibliography Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Fitzsimmons, J., Fitzsimmons, M. (2013).Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Greenberg, B. N., Jetton, S. M. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,352,341. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Grefen, P., Pernici, B., Snchez, G. (Eds.). (2012).Database support for workflow management: the WIDE project(Vol. 491). Springer Science Business Media. Heagney, J. (2012).Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Leach, L. P. (2014).Critical chain project management. Artech House. Lock, M. D. (2014).The essentials of project management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Marchewka, J. T. (2014).Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Tablets vs. Textbooks Essay Example

Tablets vs. Textbooks Paper Technology is advancing more and more everyday. From phones to Droids the things you can do is endless. These advances are making every day life easier and easier whether its doing your banking from home or keeping up with social media. Technology is becoming so advanced that kindergarten through twelfth grade students will soon be relieved of the burden of carrying books to and from school five days a week, which would be extremely beneficial. However, some people oppose this dea because, tablets are more expensive than print text books, they are dangerous to our kids health, and the tablets may be difficult to use for some students. First of all, those who oppose this idea believe that a tablet is more expensive than a print text book. Technology does not necessarily translate into more expensive though. According to a report from the Federal Communications Commission schools kindergarten through twelfth grade spend on average around eight billion dollars a year on text books. If these schools switched from text books to the ever popularizing E-book these schools can save anywhere from two hundred fifty to one thousand dollars per student per year. If you calculate this an average school has about five thousand to seven thousand students which translates to a 5 to 7 hundred thousand dollar savings that can go towards other things in the school. Most E-books cost about four hundred fifty dollars where as a textbook can cost upwards of six hundred dollars. So, this idea of tablets being more expensive is preposterous, and comes from the common idea of technology means more money which has no factual vidence to back it. We will write a custom essay sample on Tablets vs. Textbooks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tablets vs. Textbooks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tablets vs. Textbooks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Secondly, the opposition will say that tablets are dangerous to our kids health. Those who oppose tablet usage will use the argument that staring at the screen of the tablet will cause irreversible damage to the eyes, but this claim is only a half truth though. There is no permanent damage caused to the eye, but there is a slight strain that can be relieved from a good nights rest. This slight strain however, is nothing in comparison to what can happen to an individuals back from carry all those heavy books all day. Pediatrician and chiropractors recommend that only fifteen percent of ones total body weight should be held on the back, but the weight from all of a childs courses easily out weighs that fifteen percent mark. A report from the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, during the 2011-2012 school year an estimated thirteen thousand seven kids aged from five to eighteen, were treated for some sort of back pack related injury. So where is the real danger to our kids health really at? Lastly, the individuals who oppose these tablets in school will say the tablets may be oo difficult to use for some students. The opposition will argue that with all these books and documents a student will have difficulty with opening any of them and thus make learning much harder for that child, this claim is extremely outlandish however. In the third world country of Ethiopia, the One Lap Top Per Child organization dropped off boxes full of tablets with educational applications loaded onto the device in two rural cities. These children had no prior education up to this point and were able to use the device properly within five days of opening it. Within two weeks these children were reciting the alphabet, and withing five months the children were able to get passed the security systems on the device and customize the background of the tablet. So, if these children who have never even seen the inside of a classroom can easily work the device within five days and become experts with it within five months, there is no telling what the children of modern day America would be able to do with such an educational device. Using a tablet in school over text books is Just so much more beneficial than it is unhelpful. The students of today will be much safer carrying around a one pound tablet everyday than a fifteen pound book. Using these tablets will also save our school districts so much more money as well. Also students today will be able to easily adjust and use these tablets for educational purposes which is Just much more beneficial towards their learning. Tablets are Just so beneficial why would we deprive our students of something so great. Tablets will revolutionize and increase learning ability so much, we can not Just turn our backs to this great opportunity technology has provided for us.

Leader Philosophy

Leader Philosophy Introduction Ray (2006) observes that each organization in the current operational environment requires leaders who are holistic. This is because organizations not only operate with constrained resources, but also within an increasingly competitive and challenging environment. A substantial number of managerial theorists and experts argue that organizational leadership is crucial for success in organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leader Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effective organizational leadership is often drawn from the personalities and behaviours of organizational leaders. This means that organizational leaders are the determinants of the orientation of leadership in any given organization. Therefore, the value of leadership in an organization and the successful attainment of organizational goals through organizational activities are often facilitated by organizational leaders. In orde r to effectively facilitate organizational functions, organizational leaders ought to possess or rather adhere to a number of leadership principles. A combination of key leadership principles is a vital source of leadership philosophy. Leadership principles are a combination of character traits, resounding personalities and even behaviours that help organizational leaders to propel their organizations toward greater heights. There are numerous examples of leaders in the corporate world, who have utilized leadership principles and helped organizations to gain stronger corporate positions (Ray 2006). In this paper, it is argued that leadership principles are the main pillars upon which effective organizational leadership is built. This paper explores five key principles of leadership that can be utilized by an organization to build a leadership philosophy. The paper justifies the leadership principles by borrowing from behavioural theories, as well as founded examples of corporate lea ders who have utilized the principles to build legacies in corporate leadership. Linking leadership to leadership principles Before exploring leadership principles, it is vital to understand leadership from the perspective of an organization. Leadership is a combination of methods of management, which guides a given organization by offering it a given direction. This implies that leadership is not an event, but an activity. It entails the continuous combination of methods of overseeing the operations of an organization. In this case, methods refer to the series of practices that can be equated to the principles of leadership. Therefore, organizational leaders must be proactive in overseeing the processes and functions of the organization through the application of diverse principles of leadership. According to the behavioural theories of leadership, organizational leadership entails the management of people with diverse personalities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the application of a single principle can hardly result in the successful implementation of organizational objectives. Leadership, especially when it applies to an organization, entails the management of people, processes and assets. Therefore, leaders ought to possess a combination of different principles of leadership, which helps them to capture the critical attributes of leadership in the organization. Of greater significance is the ability of the leader to combine the diverse principles of leadership. Organizational leaders must be vigilant enough and know the most appropriate time to focus on a given principle of leadership. This is because organizations undergo various cycles, thus a given cycle in the performance of an organization may require a deeper application of a certain principle of leadership (Ray 2006). The principles of leadership are often attained th rough the leadership behaviours or traits of a leader. Leadership traits are vital for the development of leadership principles and effective leadership. This is the reason why some organizations prosper, while others do not perform remarkably. When they are effectively developed, leadership principles act as a basis on which organizational leaders implement the functions of the organization. In other words, leadership principles encourage best practice in the utilization of organizational resources to discharge organizational functions. When this is done, the leadership of an organization comes out as the main benchmark tool for organizational performance. This is how the leadership philosophy is derived from organizational leadership. The ability of a leader to set and enforce a given practice in the organization depends upon the principle of leadership that is set and used by the leader. Therefore, it can be said that the quality of leadership in an organization is a summation of the various principles of leadership that are embraced by the leadership of the organization. Therefore, leadership principles are the key determinants of the nature and quality of leadership in most organizations (Ray 2006). Leadership principles Leadership is a quality of management that is developed by organizational leaders. Organizational leaders develop their leadership competency by applying certain principles of leadership in their organizations. There is a wide range of leadership theories that have been theorized and discussed by a large number of leadership theorists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leader Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Self-awareness According to Greg and Roni (2012), one of the most critical principles of leadership is self-awareness. Leaders must create conditions upon which organizational success is founded. One of the means through which such conditions are created is t he development of self-confidence by the leader. Self confidence is a behavioural trait of leadership that has been widely adopted by leaders in the seemingly challenging organizational environment. Self-awareness implies that a leader should be fully aware of his or her personality and use the personality to drive the organization to success. It can be likened to the ability of leaders to take risks while making investments. Confidence is one of the key features self-awareness. Confidence aids a leader to understand the essence of convincing organizational leaders to take risks of investing in certain courses. Organizational leaders are critical assets in as far as the formulation of critical organizational decisions is concerned (Greg Roni 2012). This is what can enable them instil belief in organizational members and other stakeholders of the organization that they are leading. It is argued that confidence plays a great role in the success of the leader. However, this only comes true when the leader himself understands the essence of confidence in their success, as well as the success of other members in the organization. Confidence helps a leader to look at challenges from a positive inclination. A leader ought to pay full attention to all the people, processes and situations in the organization in which he or she is leading. Confidence in the leader becomes stronger when the leader pays attention to all people, processes and situations within the organization (Greg Roni 2012). When the leader successfully handles several situations in the organization, the confidence of the leader grows (Tamkin et al. 2010). The quality of self-awareness grows from the organizational leader to the organizational teams throughout the organization. A substantial number of outstanding organizational leaders are often reported to spend most of their time with organizational teams. By virtue of spending time with organizational teams, talking to them, organizational leaders help instil courage and confidence in the organizational members. This inspires organizational members to increase their input when discharging their roles and duties in the organization. Richard Branson, who is one of the most renowned leaders in the corporate world, is reported to spend most of the time talking to and sharing experiences with organizational teams. Being a master of communication, Branson keeps informing the employees of the tasks they are supposed to discharge.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Branson has perfected this principle of leadership is such a way that his physical presence instils determination among the employees of the Virgin Group. This quality even goes beyond the employees of the company. Branson exudes the confidence of the organization among the media and the wider corporate world. Through the practice of the quality of the principle of self-awareness, Branson has come out as one of the most confident leaders. He has managed to attract the attention of the media and the customers, thereby enhancing corporate growth and expansion of the Virgin Group of Companies (Leadership Resource Group 2012). Visionary evangelism The second principle of organizational leadership is visionary evangelism. Organizational success lies in the ability of the organization to develop a vision and mould organizational activities towards the fulfilment of the organization’s vision. The vision of the organization is the foundation for success in the organization. According to James and Lahti (2011), organizational vision often depicts the idealized future state of that organization. The vision of an organization has a long impact on the long-term existence and performance of an organization than organizational strategies. Organizational strategies are founded on the vision of the organizations. This justifies the need for organizations to develop visions. More often than not, the vision of an organization is formulated by the leadership of that organization. To this effect, therefore, it is the responsibility of organizational leaders to communicate the vision of the organization both internally and externally. For any leader to be successful, he must be in a position to see beyond the normal or prevailing operations of the organization. This implies that the leader must be able to see the organization from the past, present and future. From this argument, it can be said that one of the most daunting tasks of organizational leadership is leading the organization into the future. This can only be attained when the leader of an organization crafts a sound vision for the organization. Therefore, visionary evangelism begins with the development of the vision (Lahti 2011). Zaccaro and Banks (2001) observed that a substantial number of organizations in the contemporary corporate world have been revising and readjusting their visions so as to capture the prevailing , as well as the probable future challenges. This point emphasizes on need for organizations to develop sound visions. The development of a sound vision could be a simple task. However, the main hurdle lies in the ability of the organization to communicate and implement organizational activities in line with the vision. This is what often separates the leadership of an organization from the other. The most pressing question that ought to be asked is how the leader of an organization can improve the image and the position of the organization through being the main advocate o f the organization’s vision. The first thing that should be done by the leader of an organization is to master the vision of an organization. An organizational leader frequently communicates with the public about the organization. The vision of an organization is a symbolic factor in the building of the culture of an organization. Through the embrace of the vision of an organization, the organizational leader helps an organization to gain a given identification in the market and the industry in which the organization operates (Zaccaro Banks 2001). Lussier and Achua (2010) opined that there are several known organizations that have portrayed the ability of leading through vision. One such example is notable in the leadership of Apple Incorporated under the leadership of Steve Jobs. During his tenure as the leader of the company, Jobs managed to instil the culture of innovation through crafting and enforcing the vision, which entailed creativity and innovation. Steve Jobs was at the centre of every activity in the organization, which was meant to propel the organization towards meeting its key objective of driving the market through innovation (Daft Lane 2008). Responsibility One of the most ignored, yet a critical principle of organizational leadership is responsibility. The principle of responsibility is closely related to accountability. The two qualities work in close relation. Responsibility in leadership begins with the search for ways through which the performance of an organization can be enhanced. It then trickles down to the acceptance of blame and correction, when the decisions or strategies hit the tough end. Therefore, responsibility is an elaborate quality of leadership. It entails the establishment of the workable strategies for the organization, as well as accountability for the outcomes of the strategies that are applied in the organization. The question of responsibility in leadership resonates from the fact that leaders are trusted wi th both the human and material sources of organizations. Therefore, they are supposed to account for the existence and application of these resources in organizational work and the subsequent outcomes (Epitropaki Martin 2005). This can be likened to the exercise of auditing in organizations, where organizational leaders often require explaining how they utilized organizational resources in meeting organizational objectives. However, sometimes the principle of responsibility in leadership is mistaken with the vice of covering up the negative aspects of organizational performance. This is a critical area of leadership basing on the argument that organizational leaders are supposed to be ambassadors of their organizations. Any person who is given the responsibility to spearhead a certain course becomes the main championing factor for that course (Hinrichs et al. 2012). The rationale behind the action of failing to expose aspects of negative performance within organizations is that the y may taint the image of the organization among the public. Therefore, any practices with such an intention could as well be termed as an act of irresponsibility in leadership. Responsibility calls for a complete observation and explanation of processes and actions taken by the organization. Risks and uncertainties are often accepted by organizations. As organizations keep operating, they can hardly avoid risks. Risks cause organizations to sway from their plans, thus they may fail to meet some of the goals. The essence of true responsibility in leadership is portrayed at the time when organizations are facing difficulties (Smith Sharma 2002). During this period, most leaders tend to dissociate themselves from the happenings. The sense of true leadership and the quality of responsibility is replicated at a point where organizational leaders are willing to stand the organization. Leaders are supposed to explain the causes of the wrong happenings and try to devise solutions to such s ituations (Hinrichs et al. 2012). According to Masi and Cooke (2000), empowerment is not only a responsibility of a leader, but also an important tool through which organizations attain desired relations between organizational leaders and their subordinates. The quality of a leader is often determined by the organizational employees. Employees or subordinates value leaders who engage them in leadership. The embrace of the culture of empowerment by organizational leaders helps to attain participatory or inclusive leadership. This is a behavioural tactic of organizational leadership. It creates the sense of ownership within the subordinates. Subordinates are motivated by the fact that they are given knowledge and responsibility to administer organizational factors. For quite a long time, organizations have used the quality of empowerment to manage performance. The practice of empowerment enhances the relationship between leaders and the subordinates. Empowerment can also begin by the virtue of the establishment of workable relationship between a leader and the employees. Such relationships result to psychological empowerment. This form of empowerment increases the level of employee commitment to the organization (Masi Cooke 2000). The other form of empowerment that is perhaps the most valid form of leadership in the contemporary times is offering employees autonomy and resources. Modern leadership values the equipping of organizational subordinates with all the desired resources and the necessary additional support, including skills and leaving the subordinates to discharge their duties, devoid of a lot of supervision. Employees are often left to work on organizational projects without much subordination from the leadership. Under such a case, organizational leadership only comes in at the latter stages, probably to assess the work that has been done by organizational employees (Masi Cooke 2000). This is the most desired principle of leadership that has been u sed by the leadership of organizations such as Microsoft Corporation. In Microsoft, Bill Gates believes in the principle of empowering organizational teams, which leads to invention. Empowerment is a principle that has proven to be effective in leading project work within organizations. The main challenge with the enforcement of subordinate empowerment is that organizations’ subordinates may take advantage of this, thereby failing to discharge organizational functions as required (Bednarz 2011). Tamkin, Pearson, Hirsh and Constable (2010) ascertained that true leaders believe in the growth of people and the organization though performance. One of the fundamental functions of organizational leadership is to spearhead the performance of tasks within the organization. However, this may be disputed by people who see leadership as an aspect of ensuring that the set processes and procedures are followed by organizational members. While this has some sort of truth, it is termed as a n archaic perspective of exercising leadership. The prevailing environment of management calls for transformational and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership dwells on bringing about change (Mannarelli 2006). Change is brought about through the continued observation of practices and making adjustments that are meant to improve the quality of performance. Leaders are assessed in terms of the amount of change that they bring about during their tenure. A sound leader has to be able to master the ability of each person within his circle of leadership. Different people have different abilities. This is because the ability of an individual is determined by a number of things among them the level of skills, the quality of resources and personal motivation among others. Through group and individual engagement with people, a leader becomes able to unlock the full potential of people. This aids to nurture the long-term value of the people in the organization, thereby enhancing the performance of the organization. Outstanding leaders learn how to mould the performance of people through the creation of growth opportunities. This often begins with the creation of trust between the leader and the people. When there is no trust in the leader, it becomes difficult for organizational leaders to create a learning environment (Tamkin et al. 2010). Communication is also a critical concept of leadership. Therefore, an outstanding leader must learn how to foster communication in the organizations. It is argued that communication is a critical concept of conveying messages to the subordinates. Through communication, the leader also gets feedback from the subordinates. Of relevance in organizational communication is the fostering of a communicating organization. By a communicating organization, it means that the leader has to open the channels of communication between him and the subordinates. At the same time, there must be communication between the subordinates as t his is one way through which the subordinates improve in the discharge of their duties. The offer of trust, which is one of the vital elements of encouraging performance in organizational teams, begins with communication. Outstanding leaders must go up to all odds to ensure that they foster interaction within the organization. Communication is the link through which trusting relationships are formed in the organization. Trusting relationships encourage honest interactions that are quite fruitful for the organization (de Vries, Bakker-Pieper Oostenveld 2010). As mentioned earlier, outstanding leaders must encourage open communication. Open communication here means that there should be clear channels of communication, where the leader can give instructions and receive feedback from the people. This implies that the gaps that can prevent organizational subordinates from communicating to the leader must be sealed. However, open communication is the quality of leadership, which only wor ks in organizations that embrace democratic principles of leadership. However, it has been observed that most organizations are adopting the democratic principles of leadership. Also, organizations that are still old to bureaucracy encourage feedback communication (Tamkin et al. 2010). Conclusion Leadership is a critical determinant of success in every facet of management. It is argued that leadership is an attribute of management, which is developed by a leader. This paper has explored the principles of leadership that can be used to develop a leadership philosophy by a leader. Leadership principles that have been explored in this paper include the pursuance of open communication, growth of people through performance, empowerment of self and subordinates, exercising responsibility and accountability, the embrace of visionary evangelism, and the exercise of self-awareness. In the paper, it has been observed that leadership is something that is developed through the combination of di verse attributes of management. In other words, it argues that no single attribute can form satisfactory leadership. This makes leadership a comprehensive exercise, thereby calling from the combination of different principles of leadership. As noted in the discussion, leadership principles are developed from the behaviours and traits of leaders. Therefore, there are a substantial number of leadership principles that can act as a basis upon which a leader can develop a sound leadership philosophy. These leadership principles interact, thereby enabling the leader to attain a desirable leadership philosophy. Reference List Bednarz, T 2011, Fostering an empowered organization. Web. Daft, RL Lane, PG 2008, The leadership experience, Thomson/South-Western, Mason, OH. de Vries, RE, Bakker-Pieper, A Oostenveld, W 2010, ‘Leadership = Communication? The relations of leaders’ communication styles with leadership styles, knowledge sharing and leadership outcomes’, Journal of Business Psychology, vol. 25 no. 3, pp. 67–380. Epitropaki, O Martin, R 2005, From ideal to real: A longitudinal study of the role of implicit leadership theories on leader–member exchanges and employee outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, pp. 659–676. Greg, CA Roni, R 2012, Self-awareness and the evolution of leaders: The need for a better measure of self-awareness, Journal of Behavioural and Applied Management, vol. 14 no. 1, pp. 2-17. Hinrichs, KT, Wang, L, Hinrichs, AT Romero, EJ 2012, ‘Moral disengagement through displacement of responsibility: The role of leadership beliefs’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 42 no. 1, pp. 62-80. James, K Lahti, K 2011, ‘Organizational vision and system influences on employee inspiration and organizational performance’, Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 20 no. 2, pp. 108-120. Leadership Resource Group 2012, Successful Leadership Sir Richard Branson. Web. Lussier, RN Achua, CF 2010, Leadership: Theory, application, skill development, SouthWestern/Cengage Learning, Australia. Mannarelli, T 2006, Accounting for leadership: Charismatic, transformational leadership through reflection and self-awareness, Accountancy Ireland, vol. 38 no. 6, pp. 46-48. Masi, RJ Cooke, RA 2000, Effects of transformational leadership on subordinate motivation, empowering norms, and organizational productivity, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 16-47. Ray, TK 2006, Principles of leadership: Leadership management, Futurics, vol. 30 no. 1, pp. 52-71. Smith, PAC Sharma, M 2002, ‘Developing personal responsibility and leadership traits in all your employees: part 2–optimally shaping and harmonizing focus, will and capability’, Management Decision, vol. 40 no. 9, pp. 814-822. Tamkin, P, Pearson, G, Hirsh, W Constable, S 2010, Exceeding expectation: the principles of outstanding leadership. Web. Zaccaro, SJ Banks, DJ 2001, ‘Leadership, vision, and organizational effectiveness.’ In Zaccaro, S.J. and Klimoski, R.J. (eds.), The nature of organizational leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 181–218.

Calculating Osmotic Pressure With an Example Problem

Calculating Osmotic Pressure With an Example Problem The osmotic pressure of a solution is the minimum amount of pressure needed to prevent water from flowing into it across a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure also reflects how readily water can enter the solution via osmosis, as across a cell membrane. For a dilute solution, osmotic pressure obeys a form of the ideal gas law and can be calculated provided  you know the concentration of the solution and the temperature. Osmotic Pressure Problem What is the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by adding 13.65 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) to enough water to make 250 mL of solution at 25  °C?Solution:Osmosis and osmotic pressure are related. Osmosis is the flow of a solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that stops the process of osmosis. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a substance since it depends on the concentration of the solute and not its chemical nature.Osmotic pressure is expressed by the formula:ÃŽ   iMRT (note how it resembles the PV nRT form of the Ideal Gas Law)whereÃŽ   is the osmotic pressure in atmi van t Hoff factor of the soluteM molar concentration in mol/LR universal gas constant 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·KT absolute temperature in K Step 1,Find the Concentration of Sucrose To do this, look up the atomic weights of the elements in the compound:From the periodic table:C 12 g/molH 1 g/molO 16 g/mol Use the atomic weights to find the molar mass of the compound. Multiply the subscripts in the formula times the atomic weight of the element. If there is no subscript, it means one atom is present.molar mass of sucrose 12(12) 22(1) 11(16)molar mass of sucrose 144 22 176molar mass of sucrose 342nsucrose 13.65 g x 1 mol/342 gnsucrose 0.04 molMsucrose nsucrose/VolumesolutionMsucrose 0.04 mol/(250 mL x 1 L/1000 mL)Msucrose 0.04 mol/0.25 LMsucrose 0.16 mol/L Step 2,Find absolute temperature Remember, absolute temperature is always given in Kelvin. If the temperature is given in Celsius or Fahrenheit, convert it to Kelvin. T  °C 273T 25 273T 298 K Step 3,Determine the van t Hoff factor Sucrose does not dissociate in water; therefore the van t Hoff factor 1. Step 4,Find the Osmotic Pressure To find the osmotic pressure, plug the values into the equation. ÃŽ   iMRTÃŽ   1 x 0.16 mol/L x 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·K x 298 KÃŽ   3.9 atmAnswer:The osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution is 3.9 atm. Tips for Solving Osmotic Pressure Problems The biggest issue when solving the problem is knowing the vant Hoff factor and using the correct units for terms in the equation. If a solution dissolves in water (e.g., sodium chloride), its necessary to either have the vant Hoff factor given or else look it up. Work in units of atmospheres for pressure, Kelvin for temperature, moles for mass, and liters for volume. Watch significant figures if unit conversions are required.

Differeng approaches to Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Differeng approaches to Strategic HRM - Essay Example This implies that people (employees) form key components of an organisation development intervention. Thematic Analysis As presented in this case study, the Company "cockpit for you" is struggling with multiple problems, which it has to solve in order to achieve its short-term and long-term objectives. The thematic areas that have negative influence on the company should be critically considered by the management in formulating the strategic policies. This is core in organizational development because, if the influences emanating from the thematic areas are not addressed properly, the company risk loosing the targets it sets to achieve. In this regard, the areas include the following. First, restructuring of a company is not easy since the company has to spend a lot of money in consulting for the best option that it should adopt. Moreover, the situation becomes worse if the restructuring is hurriedly done without formulating and following the procedure (Armstrong 2006, p. 27). Consid ering the latest restructuring measures in the company, the modes of operation and employee relations changed, prompting the workers and management to adjust to the new production system. The alterations also led to changes in the company’s niche market, which affected the overall sales of the products in the market due to stiff competition. The little competition that the company experiences also influences the operations in the organization. This is because limited competition reduces the probability of engaging in creativity and innovation in the production and the delivery of services (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe 2006, p. 77). In fact, it is mainly through competitive business practices, which could enable the workers innovate new ways of manufacturing its products. Lack of healthy competition seemed to promote monopoly in the production of goods in the company and could lead to price fluctuation (Blyton & Turnbull 2006, p. 102). The other area that has negative influence on the organization is the fact that it has a bad reputation as an employer compared to the others operating in the region. For instance, it pays its workers poor salaries, making it less attractive to employees and job seekers. This problem of poor pay for the employees reduces their motivation, thereby interfering with the production of quality goods and low returns due to poor sales (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe 2006, p. 79). Currently, many people are attracted to quality products that guarantee them better utilities and value for their money. As pointed out in the case, the company is still very marked, and owner-initiative and creativity of the employees are not valued or even blocked. This aspect is very detrimental to the success of the organization because the practice limits the workers’ participation in decision making (Blyton & Turnbull 2006, p. 108). An employee whose ideas are valued would be motivated to propose for better means of production and service delivery, th us being able to contribute positively in an attempt to fulfil the company goals. In the organization, there was a corporate culture that the employees and the management identified with (Legge 2005, p. 105). Essentially, it is the organizational culture that defines the relationship among the workers, management and stakeholders and the attitude towards work (Cole 2006, p. 32). Since the existing corporate culture